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Us department of state cia.gov https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/al.html PARAGRAPH 2 A- President--Bamir Topi(us department) - since 20 july 2007(wiki) Prime Minister--Sali Berisha -(us dept) 3 sept 2005 PDS PARTY (wiki) Deputy Prime Minister--Gazmend Oketa(us dept) Minister of Foreign Affairs--Lulzim Basha(us dep) wikipedia.com Us department of state http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3235.htm b- The head of state in Albania is the President of the Republic. The President is elected to a 5-year term by the Assembly of the Republic of Albania by secret ballot, requiring a two-thirds majority of the votes of all deputies. The next election will run in the year 2007. The current President of the Republic is Bamir Topi. The President has the power to guarantee observation of the constitution and all laws, act as commander in chief of the armed forces, exercise the duties of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania when the Assembly is not in session, and appoint the Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister). The Chairman of the Council (Prime Minister) is appointed by the President; ministers are nominated by the President on the basis of the Prime Minister's recommendation. Politics of Albania wikipedia.com c- Democratic Party of Albania (Partia Demokratike e Shqipërisë) - DPS d- Between 1990 and 1992 Albania ended 46 years of xenophobic Communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The transition has proven challenging as successive governments have tried to deal with high unemployment, widespread corruption, a dilapidated physical infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks, and combative political opponents. Albania has made progress in its democratic development since first holding multiparty elections in 1991, but deficiencies remain. International observers judged elections to be largely free and fair since the restoration of political stability following the collapse of pyramid schemes in 1997. In the 2005 general elections, the Democratic Party and its allies won a decisive victory on pledges of reducing crime and corruption, promoting economic growth, and decreasing the size of government. The election, and particularly the orderly transition of power, was considered an important step forward. Although Albania's economy continues to grow, the country is still one of the poorest in Europe, hampered by a large informal economy and an inadequate energy and transportation infrastructure. Albania has played a largely helpful role in managing inter-ethnic tensions in southeastern Europe, and is continuing to work toward joining NATO and the EU. Albania, with troops in Iraq and Afghanistan, has been a strong supporter of the global war on terrorism PARAGRAPH 3 A-In the mid 1990’s the road vehicle fleet in the CEI was 18 passanger cars per 1000 inhabitant in albania. Environmentally Sustainable Transportation in the CEI Countries. by Robert Thaler and Peter Weiderkehr http://ejtir.tudelft.nl/issues/2004_01/pdf/2004_01_05.pdf. countries varied from 18 passenger cars per thousand inhabitants 3,413,904 (July 1995 est.) http://www.theodora.com/wfb/albania_people.html <---- info from 1996 b- oil comsumption 25,200 bbl/day (2005 est.) ******************* (cia) oil cost $94 us dollard per barell - oct 29, 2007 Oil prices flirt with $94 a barrel - msnbc http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12400801/ c-import oil, 59% from greece, 37% from italy http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE7DB1638F933A05757C0A963958260 (google albania import oil) oil import 21,600 bbl/day (2005 est.), oil production 3,600 bbl/day (2005 est.), oil consumption 25,200 bbl/day (2005 est.). 86% of oil consumption is met by import. www.cia.goy http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2002/en/indicator/cty_f_ALB.html- could be useful PARAGRAPH 4 A-very important, GDP by sector agriculture: 23.2%, (wikipedia- economy of albania) b- wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, sugar beets, grapes; meat, dairy products - cia c-don’t export crops, has been highly dependent on food import during the 1990s - http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/x2472e/x2472e00.htm#P46_6891 - CROP AND FOOD SUPPLY ASSESSMENT MISSION TO ALBANIA D- import requirements, wheat 373000 tonnes, rice 17000 tonnes, corn 81000 tonnes (1999/2000)- Very necessary, Farm production is now carried out by approximately 470 000 very small family farms . The sector comprises four main sub-sectors, namely cereal, vegetable, fruit and livestock production. Most peasant holdings, which average about 1.1 ha in size, are involved in activities across all four of the sub-sectors at a near-subsistence level. http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/x2472e/x2472e00.htm#P335_12926 88888888888888888888888888888 e- ARRABLE LAND USE 8888888888888 PARAGRAPH 5 a- food security continues to be a problem for poor households, and particularly so for the poorest households in the north and northeast mountainous regions. Among these households, food security is more a problem of inadequate access to food due to extremely low incomes, rather than a problem of food shortages or inadequate food supply. For all Albanians, average monthly income is extremely low, thus limiting their food purchasing power. Although there is little systematically collected national nutrition data for Albania, overall, there is evidence that the prevalence of malnutrition has diminished since the early 1990s. However, . In general, the risk of malnutrition is higher among children living in mountainous and in sub-urban areas than for those living in urban-central and rural-plain areas. B- In general, a high proportion of household income is spent on basic food items; in the poorest households, 75 percent or more of income is spent on food C - Since income is still relatively low, the proportion of income spent on food is generally quite high. The balance of the country's cereal and other major food needs is met by private sector imports. For most Albanian households, food security has improved considerably since the early 1990s. In great contrast to only a few years ago, a greater variety of foods are now available throughout the country at relatively stable and uniform prices. http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/x2472e/x2472e00.htm#P335_12926 to provide a mechanism for international law thesis " Peacekeeping, as defined by the United Nations, is "a way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace." Peacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict areas and assist ex-combatants in implementing the peace agreements they may have signed. Such assistance comes in many forms, including confidence-building measures, power-sharing arrangements, electoral support, strengthening the rule of law, and economic and social development. Accordingly UN peacekeepers (often referred to as Blue Helmets because of their light blue helmets) can include soldiers, civilian police officers, and other civilian personnel" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacekeeping) As well as peacekeeping, Human rights are recognized as fundamental by the United Nations and, as such, feature prominently in the Preamble of the Charter of the United Nations " ... to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small..."..http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/resguide/spechr.htm The UN has stablished many international treaties and Convenant to protect and promote human rights, such as THE International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. International law is a primary concern of the United Nations. The mandate for the activities in this field emanates from the Charter of the United Nations which, in its Preamble, sets the goal "to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained". (http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/resguide/specil.htm)International law consists of rules and principles which govern the relations and dealings of nations with each other. International Law, concerns itself only with questions of rights between several nations (http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/index.php/International_law) and the principal practice areas related to international law are: trade, commercial, human rights, war & peace, intellectual property, and litigation. (http://www.hg.org/internat.html) background "The whole basis of the United Nations is the right of all nations--great or small--to have weight, to have a vote, to be attended to, to be a part of the twentieth century. (Adlai E. Stevenson) The UNited Nations is is divided into administrative bodies, such as the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Secretariat, Trusteeship Council, and the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The member nations of the UN decide on substantive and administrative issues in regular meetings held throughout each year. Governing bodies made up of member states include not only the General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, and the Security Council. When an issue is considered particularly important, the General Assembly may convene an international conference to focus global attention and build a consensus for consolidated action. Recent examples include: * The UN Conference on Environment and Development (the Earth Summit) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992, led to the creation of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development to advance the conclusions reached in Agenda 21, the final text of agreements negotiated by governments at UNCED; * The International Conference on Population and Development, held in Cairo, Egypt, in September 1994, approved a programme of action to address the critical challenges and interrelationships between population and sustainable development over the next 20 years; * The Fourth World Conference on Women, held in Beijing, China, in September 1995, sought to accelerate implementation of the historic agreements reached at the Third World Conference on Women; * The Second UN Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), convened in June 1996 in Istanbul, Turkey, considered the challenges of human settlement development and management in the 21st century. * ICARA 2 or ICARA II: International Conference on Assistance to Refugees in Africa established in 1984. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_nations) The Human Rights Committee is the body of independent experts that monitors implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights by its State parties. The UN has created a number of Committees that monited Convenants. All UN member States are obligated to submit regular reports to the Committee on how the rights are being implemented. States must report initially one year after acceding to the Covenant and then whenever the Committee requests (usually every four years). The Committee examines each report and addresses its concerns and recommendations to the State party in the form of "concluding observations”. (http://www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/) After a Covenant has been created, the nations that have signed it (the signatories) must ratify it and pass domestic laws to meet the requirements of the respective Covenant. discuss "The United Nations is designed to make possible lasting freedom and independence for all its members." -- Harry S. Truman Since 1948 there have been 60 UN peacekeeping operations, of which 47 have been created by the United Nations Security Council since 1988. As of March 2006, there were 15 peacekeeping operations under way with a total of almost 90,000 personnel. (http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0862135.html) Peacekeeping missions are approved by the U.N. Security Council based on plans and costs developed by the U.N. Department of Peacekeeping Operations. UN peacekeepers can only intervene in a conflicts if theire help is wanted and welcome. he role of UN peacekeepers has since evolved into a more "interventionist" nature; troops are generally available for dispatch to troubled areas on a voluntary basis and upon the approval of the UN Security Council. They can be stationed in areas where a ceasefire has been established but a formal peace treaty is still being finalized. Comprising both lightly armed troops and unarmed observers, they represent non-partisan authority and can help greatly in diffusing volatile situations by their mere presence. (http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2003/issue3/0303p45.asp) The UN’s success in resolving conflicts in various areas of the world is now widely recognized. [insert chart from http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0862135.html] The International Law Commission's work has led to the creation of a number of treaties and other works of international law that are key to the present international legal order, for example: "Our mission is simple: to make every day matter in the fight to broaden the horizons of human rights until that day when no man is tortured, no woman is abused and no child is denied his dignity -- when all human beings enjoy their human rights." (kofi anan) The UN has created many Covenants and Conference concerning human right but I will only focus on the improvements of womens rights Because of the United Nations, womens rights have inproved tremndously around the world. More girls then ever before are getting a primary education and violcen agaist women has declined. In Brazil an Equality of Opportunity in Education and Training program has been stablished. This program was launched in May 1996. It provides for the inclusion of the gender perspective in education as well as the enhancement of the role of the National Council of Women's Rights in public policy for women's rights, a national programme to combat violence against women, a shelter programme for victims of violence, mechanisms to gather and publicise information on women and violence. Long-term actions include development of governmental policies and programmes, at federal, state and municipal levels, for the implementation of laws that ensure equal rights for men and women in every aspect, including health, education, professional training, work, social security, access to rural property and credit, culture, political participation and justice. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/gems/eeo/edu/guide/brahuman.htm In 2001 the Turkish civil law code was amended to make men and women equal. And the criminal law reform this year took up over 30 suggestions for changes demanded by women's rights groups. http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-210/i.html These two examples prove that the United Nation has improved womens rights and thus accomplished it's goal of promoting human rights. The United Nations has stablishes such treaties as the Convention on Law of the Sea and the The Antarctic Treaty System. Thw United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea was created after issue of varying claims of territorial waters was raised and aftermany nations expressed a need to extend national claims, in order to include mineral resources, to protect fish stocks, and to have the means to enforce pollution controls. The Convenant on the Law of the Sea was conducted under a process of consensus rather than majority vote in an attempt to reduce the possibility of groups of nation-states dominating the negotiations. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea) The Another international treaty is the Antarctic Treaty, which regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth's only uninhabited continent. The treaty has now been signed by 45 countries, and set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and banned military activity on that continent. By this two example we can see that the UN has moderated how nations interct with each other and thus accomplishing it's goal of creating friendly relations. The United Nations has had a huge impact on the world and has made a big differe. The following are difference examples of how the UN has made the world a better place: Ending apartheid in South Africa By imposing measures ranging from an arms embargo to a convention against segregated sporting events, the United Nationswasamajorfactorinbringingaboutthedownfallof the apartheid system. In 1994, elections in which all South Africans were allowed to participate on an equal basis led to the establishment of a multiracial Government. Focusing on African development Africa continues to be a high priority for the United Nations. In 1986, the UN convened a special session to drum up international support for African economic recov- ery and development. In 2001, African Heads of State adopted the continent’s own plan, the New Partnership for Africa’s Development, which was endorsed by the General Assembly in 2002 as the main framework for channelling international support to Africa. The continent receives 33 per cent of UN system expenditures for development, the largest share among regions. All UN agencies have special programmes to benefit Africa Providing tsunami relief Within 24 hours of the tsunami that struck the Indian Ocean on 26 December 2004, UN disaster assessment and coordination teams had been dispatched to the hard- est-hitareas.TheUNjumpedintoactiontoassistthesurvi- vors, distributing food to more than 1.7 million individuals, providing shelter for more than 1.1 million made homeless, providing drinking water to more than 1 million and vac- cinating more than 1.2 million children against measles, all in the first six months of relief operations. The quick and effective delivery of humanitarian relief meant that no additional lives were lost after the initial day of devasta- tion, and the outbreak of disease was averted. Combating terrorism The UN has put in place the legal framework to combat international terrorism. Thirteen global legal instruments have been negotiated under UN auspices, including treaties against hostage-taking, aircraft hijacking, terrorist bomb- ings, terrorism financing and, most recently, nuclear terror- ism; 63 countries had ratified all of them by June 2005. A new comprehensive convention against terrorism is being drafted. The UN Counter-Terrorism Committee oversees how countries abide by the commitments undertaken in the aftermath of the 11 September terrorist attacks and coordinates counter-terrorism cooperation. The UN Office on Drugs and Crime and other UN agencies have assisted more than 100 countries in strengthening their ability to fight terrorism Banning toxic chemicals The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollut- ants seeks to rid the world of some of the most dangerous chemicals ever created. Adopted in 2001, the UN Conven- tion targets 12 hazardous pesticides and industrial chemi- cals that can kill people, damage the nervous and immune systems, cause cancer and reproductive disorders and interfere with child development. Other UN conventions and action plans help to protect biodiversity, address cli- mate change, protect endangered species, combat desert- ification, clean up regional seas and curb cross-border movements of hazardous wastes. Improving the plight of indigenous people The United Nations has brought to the fore injustices against the 370 million indigenous people who live in 70 countries worldwide and who are among the most disad- vantaged and vulnerable groups of people in the world. The 16-member Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, estab- lished in 2000, works to improve the situation of indig- enous people all over the world in development, culture, human rights, the environment, education and health Future research should be done by the UN Security Council in the areas of peacekeeping. A unit of mediators should be created to aid in conflict solving. These mediators should have the authority to make decisions during dispute in that way, disputes would get solved sooner before it scalates toa violent dispute. The people that make up this unit should be volunteers of different nationalities and they should be properly trained in conflict solving. In conclution, the United Nations has made the a better place for everyone. It has improved the lives of millions of people around the world, especialy the rights of women and children. The UN has aided in creating international law to mandate how countries interct with eachother. The UN has carried out many peacekeeping operations to bring peace and re-establish governement in areas of conflict. This organization has made a difference in the areas of health, percecution and relief after a natural disaster. The purpose of the United Nations is to bring all nations of the world together to work for peace and development, based on the principles of justice, human dignity and the well-being of all people(http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/unintro/unintro.asp), and this is exacy what the UN has done. Mathodology }}}}}}}}}}}} citations "Internatiol Law" Cornel Law School. Jan 10, 2007. "Peacekeeping" Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Jan 10, 2006 "HUman Right" United Nation Documentation: Research Guide. Jan 10 , 2007 "International Law" United Nation Documentation: Research Guide. Jan 10 , 2007 "International Law" Hieros Gamos Worldwide Legal Directories. Jan 10, 2007. "Human Rights Committee" Office of the UNited Nations High Comissioners for Human Rights. Jan 10, 2007 "UNited Nations" Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Jan 10, 2006 "UN Peacekeeping Missions" Info Please. Jan 10, 2007 R., Nuchhi. "The impartial soldiers" UN Chronicle. Jan 10, 2007 "Women's Rights in Turkey" Qantara. Jan 10, 2007. "National Program for HUman Right" International Labour Organization. Jan 10, 2007 "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea" Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Jan 10, 2006 "The United Nations: An Introduction for Students" United Nations Cyber SchoolBUs. Jan 10, 2007 "60 Ways The UN has made Difference" UN Chronicles. Jan 10, 2007 }}}}}}}}}}}} "Press Release" UNited Nations. Jan 10, 2007 "The United Nations Human Rights Treaties" BayefSky. Jan 10, 2007 "LD and the Law" The Learning Disabilities Assosiation of Canada. Jan 10, 2007. "International_human_rights_instruments" Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Jan 10, 2007 "Mission" Foreigns Affairs and International Trade Canada. Jan 10, 2007 "United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination" Office of the UNited Nations High Comissioners for Human Rights. Jan 10, 2007 "United Nations Treaty Collectio" United Nations. Jan 10, 2007.